The Allies Are Victorious
Description:
Approaching the end of the war, both fighting sides prepared to be victorious with new strategies. President Roosevelt and Churchill struggled with Stalin’s strategy of opening a second front in the West in order to relieve German pressure from the east. Reluctantly, they agreed, but first Churchill planned for Britain and the U.S. to strike first at North Africa and Southern Europe. In response to the fall of key city port of Tobruk (won by Erwin Rommel), General Bernard Montgomery was sent to take control of British forces. By October 23, Montgomery launched the battle of El Alamein with more than 1,700 British guns that took the German soldiers by surprise. Although the Germans fought back, ultimately Rommel’s army retreated westward by November 3. Moreover, operation torch was launched by the allies on November 8 with a force of 107,000 troops led by American General Dwight D. Eisenhower. Meanwhile Rommel was defeated in North Africa, German armies were also being challenged in Leningrad and Moscow. By 1942, Hitler sent his Sixth army south, and were able to capture Stalingrad, a major industrial cite. Initially, the battle of Stalingrad began on August 23,1942 and bombing raids continued nightly until the city was crumbled. After the soviet union surrounded the German troops and cut off their supplies, the Germans surrendered to the soviets on February 2, 1943, the Germans now on the defensive. Furthermore, Roosevelt and Churchill decided to attack Italy first before invading France. On July 10, 1943, allied forces landed on Sicily, topping Mussolini from power. Eventually, Mussolini is killed on April 28, 1945, as the Germans retreated and he was disguised as a German soldier. While these battles were being played out by the allies, behind the scenes the U.S. had mobilized for a total war by opening factories that produced materials for the war. By 1944, 18 million U.S. workers were working in these factories, most of them women. In addition, in 1942 President Roosevelt started a program of internment and loss of property, rounding up Japanese Americans, or “aliens”, who were considered a threat to the U.S. About 31,275 people were imprisoned from 1941 until 1946,
most American citizens of Japanese descent . By June 6, 1944, American General Eisenhower, invaded Normandy (in northwestern France) as one of the greatest land and sea attack in history, also known as D-Day.The allies were able to liberate France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and much of the Netherlands, and soon after went after Germany. The final battle that the Germans were able to win was the battle of the bulge on December 16, however the allies were able to push back and won. As Hitler was surrounded by Soviet Union, he saw his city being bombed and killed himself in April 1945. The unconditional surrender from Germany was on May 7, 1945 proclaimed by General Eisenhower. The next day it was officially signed and was known as V-E day- victory in Europe day. Nevertheless, war still raged on with the Japanese. Due to the scientific research project, known as the Manhattan project, President Truman was able to defeat the Japanese through the usage of atomic bombs. On August 6,1945 the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, and three days later, another bomb on Nagasaki. The outcome was the deaths of 37,500 people and the surrender of Japan on September 2, finally ending this world war.
Primary Source Documents:
1. Address given by President Roosevelt before the governing boards of the Pan American Union, the White House,May 27, 1941. The President is addressing the fact that every American citizen must help out during the war, to ensure their safety from the domination of the Nazis. "Defense today means more than merely fighting. It means morale, civilian as well as military; it means using every available resource; it means enlarging every useful plant. It means the use of a greater American common sense in discarding rumor and distorted statement."
http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/7-2-188/188-26.html
2.Telegram from Japanese Ambassador on January 27,1941. The Ambassador,Drew,warns the secretary of state of a possible attack on Pearl Harbor.
https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/WorldWar2/grew3.htm
3.Prime Minister Churchill's Address, January 18, 1945. Churchill speaks about the current situation and common relation in Europe since the war has just ended, presenting to Britain,U.S. and U.S.S.R."We must take care that all blame of things going wrong is not thrown on us. This, I have no doubt, can be provided against and to some extent I am providing against it now.We have one principle about liberated countries, or repentant satellite countries, which we strive for according to the best of our ability and resources. Here is the principle. I will state it in the broadest and most familiar terms: Government of the people, by the people and for the people, set up on the basis of free universal suffrage, elections with secrecy of ballot, and no intimidation."
http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1945/450118a.html
Documents:
1. Remember Pearl Harbor How? An article regrading how the United States remembers the anniversary of Pearl Harbor, but no one in more recent times knows exactly when or why there is an anniversary. "This month we'll look back at Japan—with magazine features, a speech by President George Bush at Pearl Harbor, and a commemorative postage stamp—and then we'll move on to something else."
http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1991/12/remember-pearl-harbor-how/306053/
2. Wells, Hitler, and World State. An excerpt from George Orwell discussing the state of Hitler and his destruction of the world."What is the use of saying that we need federal world control of the air? The whole question is how we are to get it. What is the use of pointing out that a World State is desirable? What matters is that not one of the five great military powers would think of submitting to such a thing. All sensible men for decades past have been substantially in agreement with what Mr. Wells says; but the sensible men have no power and, in too many cases, no disposition to sacrifice themselves. Hitler is a criminal lunatic, and Hitler has an army of millions of men, aeroplanes in thousands, tanks in tens of thousands."
http://orwell.ru/library/reviews/wells/english/e_whws
3. Fighting for Democracy. An article discussing how Japanese Americans were enlisted into the war to fight Japan, and other Axis powers."To respond to the Japanese propaganda, and under pressure from Japanese American and civil liberties organizations, President Roosevelt authorized the enlistment of Japanese-American men into the U.S. Armed Forces."
http://www.pbs.org/thewar/at_war_democracy_japanese_american.htm
4. Battle of Stalingrad. An informational article of the battle in the Russian city, Stalingrad. "Russians consider it to be the greatest battle of their Great Patriotic War, and most historians consider it to be the greatest battle of the entire conflict. It stopped the German advance into the Soviet Union and marked the turning of the tide of war in favour of the Allies." http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/562720/Battle-of-Stalingrad
5.Children of the Camps. This article touches base on the internment of the Japanese Americans that were relocated in these "concentration camps". "These Japanese Americans, half of whom were children, were incarcerated for up to 4 years, without due process of law or any factual basis, in bleak, remote camps surrounded by barbed wire and armed guards."
http://www.pbs.org/childofcamp/history/index.html
6. Remembering Victory. A personal account in the streets of Britain on V-E day. "That marvelous lighted scene, foretelling the end of Europe's deadliest period, has stayed with me all these years. It was May 7, 1945."http://articles.latimes.com/2010/may/07/opinion/la-oe-liberman-20100507
7.What's in a 50-year-old name? An article discusses the pros and cons of changing the V-J day. "Some local historians, however, suggest that changing the name of V-J Day is a good idea.In fact, renaming the event "The End of the War in the Pacific" makes economic sense, says historian James Axtell."
http://articles.dailypress.com/1995-03-25/news/9503250043_1_v-j-day-pearl-harbor-japan
8.Battle of the Bulge. An informational article on the battle that was last won by the Germans."Despite taking dreadful losses, US forces managed to delay the enemy sufficiently to permit reinforcements to be moved into position to halt the German drive."
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10006178
9. The Final Days of Italian premier and Dictator Benito Mussolini. A tribute to the life of Mussonlini and his sudden death."The story of his collapse, sucking a magnificent land into a vortex of catastrophe, may provide an exemplary lesson to people today, from Iraq to America, who submit to the arrogance of power and illusions of empire, whether out of moral weakness or opportunism."
http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-08-15/entertainment/0408140130_1_benito-mussolini-italian-moments
10. Uneasy Allies. An interesting article discussing the different objective the allies had."At the same time, however, as Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt , and Joseph Stalin pulled together to win the war, they held discreet aims for their respective countries that were in conflict with each other."
http://www.pbs.org/behindcloseddoors/in-depth/uneasy-allies.html
Audio/Video:
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lK8gYGg0dkE
President Roosevelt's declaration of war on Japan after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.
Approaching the end of the war, both fighting sides prepared to be victorious with new strategies. President Roosevelt and Churchill struggled with Stalin’s strategy of opening a second front in the West in order to relieve German pressure from the east. Reluctantly, they agreed, but first Churchill planned for Britain and the U.S. to strike first at North Africa and Southern Europe. In response to the fall of key city port of Tobruk (won by Erwin Rommel), General Bernard Montgomery was sent to take control of British forces. By October 23, Montgomery launched the battle of El Alamein with more than 1,700 British guns that took the German soldiers by surprise. Although the Germans fought back, ultimately Rommel’s army retreated westward by November 3. Moreover, operation torch was launched by the allies on November 8 with a force of 107,000 troops led by American General Dwight D. Eisenhower. Meanwhile Rommel was defeated in North Africa, German armies were also being challenged in Leningrad and Moscow. By 1942, Hitler sent his Sixth army south, and were able to capture Stalingrad, a major industrial cite. Initially, the battle of Stalingrad began on August 23,1942 and bombing raids continued nightly until the city was crumbled. After the soviet union surrounded the German troops and cut off their supplies, the Germans surrendered to the soviets on February 2, 1943, the Germans now on the defensive. Furthermore, Roosevelt and Churchill decided to attack Italy first before invading France. On July 10, 1943, allied forces landed on Sicily, topping Mussolini from power. Eventually, Mussolini is killed on April 28, 1945, as the Germans retreated and he was disguised as a German soldier. While these battles were being played out by the allies, behind the scenes the U.S. had mobilized for a total war by opening factories that produced materials for the war. By 1944, 18 million U.S. workers were working in these factories, most of them women. In addition, in 1942 President Roosevelt started a program of internment and loss of property, rounding up Japanese Americans, or “aliens”, who were considered a threat to the U.S. About 31,275 people were imprisoned from 1941 until 1946,
most American citizens of Japanese descent . By June 6, 1944, American General Eisenhower, invaded Normandy (in northwestern France) as one of the greatest land and sea attack in history, also known as D-Day.The allies were able to liberate France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and much of the Netherlands, and soon after went after Germany. The final battle that the Germans were able to win was the battle of the bulge on December 16, however the allies were able to push back and won. As Hitler was surrounded by Soviet Union, he saw his city being bombed and killed himself in April 1945. The unconditional surrender from Germany was on May 7, 1945 proclaimed by General Eisenhower. The next day it was officially signed and was known as V-E day- victory in Europe day. Nevertheless, war still raged on with the Japanese. Due to the scientific research project, known as the Manhattan project, President Truman was able to defeat the Japanese through the usage of atomic bombs. On August 6,1945 the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, and three days later, another bomb on Nagasaki. The outcome was the deaths of 37,500 people and the surrender of Japan on September 2, finally ending this world war.
Primary Source Documents:
1. Address given by President Roosevelt before the governing boards of the Pan American Union, the White House,May 27, 1941. The President is addressing the fact that every American citizen must help out during the war, to ensure their safety from the domination of the Nazis. "Defense today means more than merely fighting. It means morale, civilian as well as military; it means using every available resource; it means enlarging every useful plant. It means the use of a greater American common sense in discarding rumor and distorted statement."
http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/7-2-188/188-26.html
2.Telegram from Japanese Ambassador on January 27,1941. The Ambassador,Drew,warns the secretary of state of a possible attack on Pearl Harbor.
https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/WorldWar2/grew3.htm
3.Prime Minister Churchill's Address, January 18, 1945. Churchill speaks about the current situation and common relation in Europe since the war has just ended, presenting to Britain,U.S. and U.S.S.R."We must take care that all blame of things going wrong is not thrown on us. This, I have no doubt, can be provided against and to some extent I am providing against it now.We have one principle about liberated countries, or repentant satellite countries, which we strive for according to the best of our ability and resources. Here is the principle. I will state it in the broadest and most familiar terms: Government of the people, by the people and for the people, set up on the basis of free universal suffrage, elections with secrecy of ballot, and no intimidation."
http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1945/450118a.html
Documents:
1. Remember Pearl Harbor How? An article regrading how the United States remembers the anniversary of Pearl Harbor, but no one in more recent times knows exactly when or why there is an anniversary. "This month we'll look back at Japan—with magazine features, a speech by President George Bush at Pearl Harbor, and a commemorative postage stamp—and then we'll move on to something else."
http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1991/12/remember-pearl-harbor-how/306053/
2. Wells, Hitler, and World State. An excerpt from George Orwell discussing the state of Hitler and his destruction of the world."What is the use of saying that we need federal world control of the air? The whole question is how we are to get it. What is the use of pointing out that a World State is desirable? What matters is that not one of the five great military powers would think of submitting to such a thing. All sensible men for decades past have been substantially in agreement with what Mr. Wells says; but the sensible men have no power and, in too many cases, no disposition to sacrifice themselves. Hitler is a criminal lunatic, and Hitler has an army of millions of men, aeroplanes in thousands, tanks in tens of thousands."
http://orwell.ru/library/reviews/wells/english/e_whws
3. Fighting for Democracy. An article discussing how Japanese Americans were enlisted into the war to fight Japan, and other Axis powers."To respond to the Japanese propaganda, and under pressure from Japanese American and civil liberties organizations, President Roosevelt authorized the enlistment of Japanese-American men into the U.S. Armed Forces."
http://www.pbs.org/thewar/at_war_democracy_japanese_american.htm
4. Battle of Stalingrad. An informational article of the battle in the Russian city, Stalingrad. "Russians consider it to be the greatest battle of their Great Patriotic War, and most historians consider it to be the greatest battle of the entire conflict. It stopped the German advance into the Soviet Union and marked the turning of the tide of war in favour of the Allies." http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/562720/Battle-of-Stalingrad
5.Children of the Camps. This article touches base on the internment of the Japanese Americans that were relocated in these "concentration camps". "These Japanese Americans, half of whom were children, were incarcerated for up to 4 years, without due process of law or any factual basis, in bleak, remote camps surrounded by barbed wire and armed guards."
http://www.pbs.org/childofcamp/history/index.html
6. Remembering Victory. A personal account in the streets of Britain on V-E day. "That marvelous lighted scene, foretelling the end of Europe's deadliest period, has stayed with me all these years. It was May 7, 1945."http://articles.latimes.com/2010/may/07/opinion/la-oe-liberman-20100507
7.What's in a 50-year-old name? An article discusses the pros and cons of changing the V-J day. "Some local historians, however, suggest that changing the name of V-J Day is a good idea.In fact, renaming the event "The End of the War in the Pacific" makes economic sense, says historian James Axtell."
http://articles.dailypress.com/1995-03-25/news/9503250043_1_v-j-day-pearl-harbor-japan
8.Battle of the Bulge. An informational article on the battle that was last won by the Germans."Despite taking dreadful losses, US forces managed to delay the enemy sufficiently to permit reinforcements to be moved into position to halt the German drive."
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10006178
9. The Final Days of Italian premier and Dictator Benito Mussolini. A tribute to the life of Mussonlini and his sudden death."The story of his collapse, sucking a magnificent land into a vortex of catastrophe, may provide an exemplary lesson to people today, from Iraq to America, who submit to the arrogance of power and illusions of empire, whether out of moral weakness or opportunism."
http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-08-15/entertainment/0408140130_1_benito-mussolini-italian-moments
10. Uneasy Allies. An interesting article discussing the different objective the allies had."At the same time, however, as Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt , and Joseph Stalin pulled together to win the war, they held discreet aims for their respective countries that were in conflict with each other."
http://www.pbs.org/behindcloseddoors/in-depth/uneasy-allies.html
Audio/Video:
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lK8gYGg0dkE
President Roosevelt's declaration of war on Japan after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.
2.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SOQwa73KXbs
Winston Churchill's alliance with U.S., "Master of our own fate" speech, 1941.
Winston Churchill's alliance with U.S., "Master of our own fate" speech, 1941.
3.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zR3b6x9iqDc
Real live footage of the celebration of victory of Japan day, but the actual devastation in the air in the aftermath.
Real live footage of the celebration of victory of Japan day, but the actual devastation in the air in the aftermath.